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13 Total-body and regional skeletal muscle mass measurement methods: an overview
Robert C. Lee, Steven B. Heymsfield, Wei Shen and ZiMian Wang
14 Development and validation of a prediction equation for percentage body fat based on skinfolds for
Singaporean adults and adolescents
Mabel Deurenberg-Yap, Swee Ai Ng, Ling Li Foo and Paul Deurenberg
15 Bone mineral density in male professional athletes
Maria Teresa Restrepo, Luz Amparo Gómez, Fabio Sánchez, Francisco Ochoa, Felipe Marino, Oscar
Mario Cardona, Lina María Parra and Angelo Pietrobelli
16 Adequacy of initial weight restoration in anorexia nervosa: effect on total body nitrogen, total body potassium and bone mineral density after 6–10 years
G. Gross, J.D. Russell, P.J. Beumont, S. Touyz, P. Roach, A. Aslani, R.D. Hansen and B.J. Allen
17 Changes in body composition when young pigs are restricted to near maintenance dietary intake
A.D. Mitchell, A.M. Scholz and V.G. Pursel
International Journal of Body Composition Research 2003, Vol. 1 No. 3: 93-102
Robert C. Lee, Steven B. Heymsfield, Wei Shen and ZiMian Wang
Obesity Research Center, St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University,
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
Skeletal muscle (SM) is the largest component at the tissue-organ level of body composition. Several methods, including recently developed methods, are now available to quantify total-body and regional SM mass in vivo. Two imaging methods, computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), serve as the criterion for both total-body and regional SM mass measurement. Other methods for estimating SM can be organized into two categories, property-based and component-based. Property-based SM measurement methods, derived from measurable properties, include ultrasonography, anthropometry, bioelectric impedance (BIA), and urinary metabolites. Component-based methods, derived from measured components, include totalbody nitrogen and potassium estimated by in vivo neutron activation analysis, total-body potassium measured by total-body 40K counting, and appendicular lean soft tissue measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Each method is reviewed in the context of the underlying measurement principle, practicality, cost, availability, and desired accuracy.
International Journal of Body Composition Research 2003, Vol. 1 No. 3: 103-109
Mabel Deurenberg-Yap1,2, Swee Ai Ng1, Ling Li Foo1 and Paul Deurenberg3
1Research and Health Information Management Division, Health Promotion Board, Singapore;
2National University, Singapore; 3Nutrition Consultant, Singapore
Body composition was measured in 291 adult Singaporeans, aged 18 to 67 years, and in 477 adolescent Singaporeans, aged 12 to 17 years. Body fat percentage (%BF) in the adults was measured using a four-compartment model and body fat in the adolescents was measured using deuterium oxide dilution. In addition the biceps, triceps, suprailiac and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were measured. The adult population group was randomly divided into two groups. In one group two prediction equations for %BF, based on the sum of two (biceps and triceps) and the sum of four skinfolds respectively, were developed using stepwise multiple regression analyses. Age did not enter into the regression equation in females though it made a slight but significant contribution to the prediction equation in males. Ethnicity did not enter into the model. The formulas were validated in the second adult group, in the total adult group and in the adolescent group. In adults, the prediction equations showed good cross-validity for the three ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays and Indians) and the bias was not dependent on age. However, in subjects with higher %BF the formulas tend to underestimate %BF. In the adolescents the formula based on two skinfolds significantly overestimated %BF by 1.0 ± 4.3% in females and by 2.0 ± 5.1% in males. This bias was not dependent on age or ethnicity, but was related to level of body fatness. The prediction equation based on the sum of four skinfolds was valid in female adolescents but slightly (0.8 ± 5.2%) underestimated %BF in adolescent males. The bias was not different across the ethnic groups. It is concluded that the ‘adult’ prediction equations based on four skinfolds can be used to obtain a valid prediction of %BF in adolescents and adults of the three main ethnic groups in Singapore.
International Journal of Body Composition Research 2003, Vol. 1 No. 3: 111-115
Maria Teresa Restrepo1, Luz Amparo Gómez2, Fabio Sánchez3, Francisco Ochoa3, Felipe Marino4, Oscar
Mario Cardona1, Lina María Parra1 and Angelo Pietrobelli5
1Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; 2Centro de Atención Nutricional,
Medellin, Colombia; 3Unidad de Osteoporosis y Climaterio Clinica del Prado, Medellin, Colombia;
4Instituto de Deportes de Antioquia Indeportes, Medellin, Colombia; 5Pediatric Unit, Verona University Medical
School, Verona, Italy
Aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral density in young professional athletes compared to controls and to relate it to calcium consumption. Using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated in 59 professional young high-performance athletes, in three different sports (soccer, rollerskating and swimming), in comparison with 59 normal subjects without high-level physical activity. Bone mineral density was measured at lumbar spine, femur and forearm. Compared with controls, soccer players had significantly higher BMD in all regions studied (P<0.001). Roller skaters showed higher BMD at spine and femur levels (P<0.001), but not in forearm. Swimmers had higher BMD at spine level only (P<0.05). There was no difference in calcium consumption between controls and athletes (P=0.064) and in BMD in subjects with the higher average of calcium consumption. These results suggest that in sports with high and medium impact, such as soccer and roller-skating, where the skeleton supports the whole body mass and the distribution of the loads is homogeneous, BMD is higher than controls’. On the other hand, swimmers showed no increase of BMD compared to controls. It is speculated that swimming produces less stress in the bone than in the other sports. No relationship between calcium consumption and BMD was found in the present study.
International Journal of Body Composition Research 2003, Vol. 1 No. 3: 117-122
G. Gross, J.D. Russell, P.J. Beumont, S. Touyz, P. Roach, A. Aslani, R.D. Hansen and B.J. Allen
Departments of Psychological Medicine (GG, JDR, PJB), Psychology (ST) and Clinical Nursing (RDH), The
University of Sydney, Australia; Centre for In Vivo Body Composition, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney,
Australia (PR, AA, RDH, BJA); St George Cancer Care Centre, Sydney, Australia (BJA); Department of
Psychology, University of Trier, Germany (GG).
This study reports the follow-up of 61 female patients hospitalized between 1989 and 1992 for treatment of anorexia nervosa. Using in-vivo neutron-capture analysis, total body nitrogen (TBN) had been measured at the commencement of nutritional rehabilitation and after re-feeding. At 6-10 year follow-up, outcome informationwas gathered from 50 patients (82%). TBN was re-measured in 39 subjects, as was bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Total body potassium (TBK) was measured in 41 subjects using a whole body counter. TBN was restored in the majority of patients, as indicated by an average nitrogen index of 0.98. However, TBK was reduced (P<0.01) compared to a group of age-matched normal females derived from the literature, and BMD was sub-optimal in all participants who had a DXA measurement. A close relationship (r=0.76, P<0.01) was found between TBN and BMD, supporting the contention that osteopenia in anorexia nervosa may be related to loss of TBN and depletion of the protein matrix of bone. BMD, but not TBN or TBK, was reduced (P<0.05) in those patients who had a BMI of less than 19 after re-feeding. The results suggest that BMD outcome is influenced by adequate initial weight restoration, unlike TBN and TBK, which over an extended period of time maintain their function as a current indicator of weight adequacy rather than an integrated measure of nutrition.
International Journal of Body Composition Research 2003 Vol.1 No. 3: 123-128
A.D. Mitchell1, A.M. Scholz2 and V.G. Pursel1
1USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA; 2University of Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
A study was conducted to investigate the changes in body composition that occur when young rapidly-growing animals are subjected to an acute period of restricted dietary intake that results in little or no change in body weight. At 60 kg, a total of 74 pigs were scanned by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Subsequently, 49 pigs were restrictively fed for 56 days to maintain body weight and 25 pigs were fed ad-libitum. After 56 days all pigs were again scanned by DXA. During the 56-day study restricted pigs gained only 4.3 ± 3.8 kg (mean ± SD) while the pigs on ad-libitum intake gained 49.9 ± 2.2 kg. DXA analysis revealed that during this time, the restricted pigs lost 0.78 ± 1.08 kg of body fat while gaining 4.9 ± 3.6 kg of lean and 160 ± 144 g of bone mineral (BMC). Bone mineral density (BMD) decreased slightly (–0.01 g/cm2, P>0.05, compared to initial scan). By comparison, the ad-libitum-fed pigs gained 16.8 ± 2.5 kg of fat, 32.4 ± 2.4 kg of lean and 679 ± 151 g of BMC, and BMD increased by 0.18 g/cm2. Relative to the initial measurement, the fat content of the restricted pigs decreased by 7.5% while that of the ad-libitum-fed pigs increased by 151%. As a percentage of total body weight, the BMC increased in the restricted pigs, but decreased in the ad-libitum-fed pigs. Based on linear regression analysis of data obtained from the restricted pigs, it is predicted that 60 kg pigs maintained at zero weight gain over a period of 8 weeks would be expected to lose 1223 g of fat and gain 1077 g of lean and 146 g of BMC. These results provide a model for changes in body composition during restricted growth that might occur as a result of malnutrition or disease.
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